What is defined as the science of reasoning?

The science of reasoning is best defined by the term "logic." Logic is the systematic study of the form of valid inference and correct reasoning. It focuses on the principles and criteria of valid arguments, enabling individuals to distinguish between truth and falsehood, soundness and unsoundness in reasoning processes. Logic is foundational in various fields, including mathematics and philosophy, as it provides the structure needed for rigorous analysis and supports the development of theories and arguments.

Mathematics, while it incorporates logical reasoning, mainly deals with numbers, structures, and quantities rather than the broader scope of reasoning itself. Philosophy encompasses a wider range of topics, including ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology, but it is not solely defined by the study of reasoning, even though it often employs logical methods. Theory refers to a systematic explanation of phenomena but does not specifically address the principles of reasoning. Therefore, logic is the most precise term that encapsulates the science of reasoning.