What type of magnets are made from substances such as hardened steel and certain alloys that retain a great deal of their magnetism?

Permanent magnets are made from materials like hardened steel and specific alloys, which allow them to retain significant magnetism over time without the need for an external power source. This retention of magnetism is due to the alignment of the magnetic domains within the material, which become fixed when the material is magnetized.

In contrast, temporary magnets only exhibit magnetic properties when exposed to a magnetic field and lose their magnetism once the field is removed. Electromagnets require an electric current to generate a magnetic field, and their magnetism can be turned on or off. The classification of "artificial" does not specifically define a type of magnet in the same way as permanent, temporary, and electromagnets do. Thus, permanent magnets are the best-fitting answer in this context because of their lasting magnetic properties derived from their material composition.